Abram Hoffer's CV and writings.

Dr Weeks’ Comment: A great man and a dear friend has passed, yet the wake of this great scientist and physician continues to shake the medical and psychiatric community almost a year after his death..

Abram Hoffer M.D., Ph.D

Pre University
I was born on a farm in Southern Saskatchewan in 1917 in our first wooden house. My three older siblings were born in a sod shack. Public and high school education was completed in single room schools.

University
I combined my new interest in biochemistry with my original interest in agriculture by taking a Masters degree in agricultural chemistry in 1940 at the University of Saskatchewan in Saskatoon. On a graduate scholarship I studied for the following year at the St. Paul campus of the University of Minnesota, and then worked at a flour laboratory in Winnipeg developing chemical assay methods for niacin in flour and other wheat products, and running the control analysis to ensure that the correct quantity of vitamins was added to the flour. I did my research toward my Ph.D. in this laboratory and received my degree in 1944.

By then I had become interested in human nutrition and enrolled in medicine at the University of Saskatchewan in 1945. For a few days before I finally registered I was shaken by an offer by Dr. T. Thorvaldson, Head Department of Chemistry, to accept a job as Professor of Agricultural Chemistry at a salary of $2700 per year. The salary was acceptable, but as my plans had already been made I maintained my resolution to take medicine.

I married Rose Miller in 1942. Bill was born in 1944. While I was interning in 1950 I was offered the position of Professor of Biochemistry at the same University. After two preclinical years at this university, and two clinical years at University of Toronto, I earned my M.D. in 1949. John was born in 1947 and Miriam in 1949.

Entering Psychiatric Research
I interned for one year at City Hospital in Saskatoon, planning on going into general practice, but hoping that I could eventually enter research. While interning I became interested in psychiatry, especially psychosomatic medicine. Toward the end of the year I applied for a position with Psychiatric Services Branch, Department of Public Health at Regina, Sask. I had discussed with the chief, Dr. D. G. McKerracher, my interest in combining my interests in medicine, chemistry and psychiatry in a research position. I joined him in July 1, 1951.

I was given three missions: (1) to master psychiatry in preparation for qualifying for the specialty; I was fully qualified in 1954, and a few years later became a Fellow in the Royal College of Physicians and Surgeons (Canada). (2) To be consultant in biochemistry to the general hospital at Regina and, (3) to initiate a program of research into psychiatry.

January and February 1951, my wife and I toured the few research centers in psychiatry in Canada and the United States for six weeks. This proved very valuable when later we decided which research program we would start. The three most memorial visits were with Dr. Nolan D. C. Lewis, at the Psychiatric Institute in New York, Dr. H. Kluver, Culver Hall, University of Chicago, and Dr. Franz Alexander, at a psychoanalytic institute which he directed.

Lewis and Kluver introduced me to the fascinating possibilities of the hallucinogens, especially mescaline, and from Dr. Alexander’s luncheon clinic I learned that psychosomatic medicine had no basis in fact.

Dr. H. Osmond joined us in Saskatchewan in the fall of 1952. We soon were good friends and close colleagues. We organized and directed the research program until he left in 1960, and I went into private practice in 1967.

We decided to tackle the most important single problem, schizophrenia. Half of our mental hospital beds were occupied by these patients, and one quarter of all hospital beds in Canada were these patients. But there were very few tangible leads. Psychoanalysis was sweeping into North American psychiatry, and the biological psychiatrists were facing imminent defeat in their views about the nature of this disease.

Dr. Osmond and Dr. J. Smythies had discovered that the mescaline experience resembled the schizophrenic experience, and he and Smythies postulated that there might be a substance in the body with the properties of mescaline and related to adrenalin. Dr. Osmond and I developed this idea, which became known as the adrenochrome hypothesis of schizophrenia.

In 1954 we received a very large grant from the Rockefeller Foundation to continue this investigation. Before I could get the grant I was to travel to Europe and visit the research centers there. By the time I left research we had a very large well established research group, a truly cross-fertilized group in which psychologists, psychiatrists, nurses, and social workers all worked together.

Arising from this research are the following discoveries: (1) That adrenochrome is an hallucinogen, (2) that it could be made in the body. It is now known to be present and easily measured. (3) That megadoses of vitamin b-3 and ascorbic acid were therapeutic for schizophrenia. This was one of the roots of orthomolecular psychiatry and medicine as it is known today. (4) That niacin lowers cholesterol levels. This vitamin is now one of the world’s standard materials for doing so. It also extends life and does not increase deaths from violent acts as some of the other compounds which lower cholesterol do. (5) The HOD and EWI test for assisting in the diagnosis of schizophrenia. This is an excellent test, hardly known to the profession.

In pursuing this research we were the first physicians in America to conduct double blind controlled tests, and we were later the first to recognize and to publish its many defects and flaws.

Our discovery that niacin lowers cholesterol, published in 1955, is credited with the initiation of the new paradigm in nutritional medicine, i.e. the use of vitamins for treatment and not just for prevention of deficiency disease.

Private Practice, from 1967
I gave up my two positions, Associate Professor of Psychiatry and Director of Psychiatric Research, because my freedom to publish and discuss our therapeutic trials using vitamins was being severely restricted by my two main employers, the University of Saskatchewan and the Department of Public Health. The psychiatric establishment was violently opposed to our work, which did not have the support of the drug companies who were promoting their own products, the tranquilizers. Not a single attempt was made to repeat our double blind controlled studies (five), nor to examine our claims clinically. I decided I could be more effective free of any of these adverse influences.

Since then I have been happily working with thousands of patients, applying what we had discovered in those early years in Saskatchewan. I have published many hundreds of reports in the medical and psychiatric literature, but after our views became widely known the establishment literature would no longer accept any and our reports went to the alternative literature instead. I have authored many books.

I have been active in the Canadian Schizophrenia Foundation which will celebrate its 25th anniversary next May in Vancouver with a two and one-half day meeting. I was one of the organizers of the Huxley Institute of Biosocial Research, which has unfortunately not been able to survive. I am editor of the Journal of Orthomolecular Medicine, which was the first medical journal to bring attention to many important new treatments in medicine such as the yeast syndrome, the toxicity of mercury from amalgams, the orthomolecular treatment of the schizophrenias and many other conditions.

My main interest since 1967 in Saskatoon, and in Victoria, B.C., after 1976, has been to promote the principles of orthomolecular medicine and psychiatry. In medicine the move into nutrition or orthomolecular medicine is well underway, and will sweep into most of the medical schools within the next five years. The move into psychiatry has been dismally slow. Psychiatrists can not untrack themselves from the influence of the tranquilizers, which are helpful, but when used alone hardly ever restore a schizophrenic patient to normal. My definition of a normal person is one who is free of signs and symptoms, gets on well with family, gets on well with the community, and pays income tax. Up to 90% of early patients, not yet badly damaged by the illness and the way it was treated, will achieve this. With chronic patients most will achieve this after 6 or 7 years of treatment. The treatment has been described many times. Literature is available from the Canadian Schizophrenia Foundation, 16 Florence Avenue, Toronto, Canada M2N 1E9, telephone number, fax number.

I am pleased with my medical colleagues who are quickly moving into this modern paradigm, and am very frustrated by the massive inertia of my psychiatric colleagues who are still waiting for the Holy Grail, that new tranquilizer which appears every year, which will do for schizophrenia what insulin does for diabetes. The number of homeless chronic schizophrenics in the streets of all large American and Canadian cities is evidence of their inability to do more them than we could do in 1950 before we had any tranquilizers. But at least then we had hospitals which provided shelter and food and some care. Today the downtown slums have become the surrogate mental hospital beds for the chronic patients whose treatment has been wholly tranquilizers.

About thirty years ago I predicted that it would take at least forty years before megavitamin treatment would be accepted. After all, Moses walked his Israelite followers in circles in the desert for 40 years before initiating the invasion of the Holy Land. He realized that two generations of people born and raised in slavery would have to die before he could depend upon them to have enough fighting spirit and spunk to attempt the invasion. Do we have to wait for more than two generations of psychiatrists bred in the analytic and tranquilizer era to die before their offspring can begin to think about orthomolecular treatment of schizophrenic patients? Our first megavitamin treatment paper was published in 1957.

–

Here is a lot of what Dr. Hoffer has written gathered by Andrew Saul www.doctoryourself.com

http//doctoryourself.com/biblio_hoffer.html

Dr. Hoffer’s 50 years of practicing nutritional medicine is available for you to read at

http//www.doctoryourself.com/news/v1n22.txt

Would you like to know a bit more about Dr. Hoffer’s life story, in his

own words? http//www.doctoryourself.com/life_hoffer.html

List of books published:

Hoffer A & Osmond H. The Chemical Basis of Clinical Psychiatry. CC Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1960.
Hoffer A. Niacin Therapy in Psychiatry. CC Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1962.
Hoffer A & Osmond H. How To Live With Schizophrenia. University Books, New York, NY, 1966. Also published by Johnson, London, 1966. Written by Fannie Kahan. New and Revised Ed. Citadel Press, New York, NY, 1992. Revised Ed. Quarry Press, Kingston, ON 1999 (Review)
Hoffer A & Osmond H. New Hope For Alcoholics. University Books, New York, 1966. Written by Fannie Kahan. (No known electronic link) Excerpt
Kelm H, Hoffer A & Osmond H. Hoffer-Osmond Diagnostic Manual. Saskatoon, SK, 1967.
Hoffer A. The Hallucinogens. Academic Press (June, 1967)
Hoffer A, Kelm H & Osmond H. The Hoffer-Osmond Diagnostic Test. RE Krieger Pub. Co., Huntington, NY, 1975.
Hoffer A. Megavitamin therapy: In reply to the American Psychiatric Association Task Force report on megavitamins and orthomolecular psychiatry. Canadian Schizophrenia Foundation (1976)
Hoffer A & Walker M: Orthomolecular Nutrition. Keats Pub., New Canaan, CT, 1978.
Hoffer A. Dr Abram Hoffer’s Guide to the Identification and Treatment of Schizophrenia. Keats Pub (June 1, 1980)
Hoffer A & Walker M: Nutrients to Age Without Senility. Keats Pub Inc, New Canaan, CT, 1980.
Hoffer A. Vitamin B3 (Niacin). McFarland & Company (August 1, 1982)
Hoffer A. Common questions on schizophrenia and their answers. Keats Pub (1987)
Hoffer A. Nutrition for the General Practitioner. Keats Pub (November, 1988)
Hoffer A. Orthomolecular Medicine for Physicians. Keats Pub., New Canaan, CT, 1989.
Hoffer A. Vitamin B3: Niacin : Update. Keats Pub; Revised edition (April 1, 1990)
Hoffer A & Walker M: Smart Nutrients – A Guide to Nutrients That Can Prevent and Reverse Senility. Avery Publishing Group, Garden City Park, NY, 1994. Updated Version: Smart Nutrients: Prevent and Treat Alzheimer’s, Enhance Brain Function
Hoffer A. Hoffer’s Law of Natural Nutrition. Quarry Press, Kingston, ON, 1996.
Hoffer A. Hoffer’s Laws of Natural Nutrition: A Guide to Eating Well for Pure Health. Quarry Press (September 1, 1996)
Hoffer A. Vitamin B-3 and Schizophrenia. Discovery, Recovery, Controversy. Quarry Press, Kingston, ON 1999. (Review) (Review)
Hoffer A. Common Questions on Schizophrenia and Their Answers. Keats Pub, New Canaan, CT, 1988. Reprinted Quarry Press, Kingston, ON 1999
Hoffer A & Walker M: Putting It All Together: The New Orthomolecular Nutrition. Keats Publishing Inc. New Canaan, Conn, 1996.
Hoffer A, Walker, M: Putting It All Together: The New Orthomolecular Nutrition. McGraw-Hill; 1 edition (October 11, 1998)
Hoffer A. Hoffer’s A.B.C. of Natural Nutrition for Children. Quarry Press. Kingston, ON 1999 (Review)
Hoffer A. Orthomolecular Treatment For Schizophrenia Keats, 4255 West Touhy Avenue, Lincolnwood, Ill 60646-1975 1999 (Review)
Hoffer A. Vitamin C and Cancer: Discovery, Recovery, Controversy. Quarry Press, Kingston, ON 2000 (Review)
Hoffer A. Smart Nutrients (Dr. Morton Walker Health Book). Avery (May 1, 2000)
Hoffer A. Masks of Madness: Orthomolecular Treatment of Mental Illness. Quarry Press (Unpublished)
Hoffer A, Walker, M: Smart Nutrients: Prevent and Treat Alzheimer’s, Enhance Brain Function. Vital Health Publishing; 2nd Rev edition (April 19, 2002)
Hoffer A. Beautiful Minds: Living With Schizophrenia. Quarry Press (Unpublished)
Hoffer A. Get Well, Stay Well. Quarry Press (Unpublished)
Hoffer A. Healing Schizophrenia. Complementary Vitamin & Drug Treatments. CCNM Press (July 1, 2004)
Hoffer A. Healing Children’s Attention & Behavior Disorders: Complementary Nutritional & Psychological Treatments. CCNM Press (July 1, 2004)
Hoffer A. Pauling Dr. Linus: Healing Cancer: Complementary Vitamin & Drug Treatments. CCNM Press (July 1, 2004)
Hoffer A, Challem J: User’s Guide to Natural therapies for Cancer Prevention & Control: Learn How Diet and Supplements Can Help Prevent and Treat Cancer. Basic Health Publications (October, 2004)
Hoffer A. Adventures in Psychiatry: The Scientific Memoirs of Dr. Abram Hoffer. Caledon, Ontario: KOS Publishing, 2005.

Papers and Articles Published:

Hoffer A & Osmond H. Paper to Dementia Praecox Committee, Scottish Rites Masons, New York. Given at the Canada Room, The Waldorf Astoria, New York, 1952. (This was our first report on the adrenochrome hypothesis.) (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A, Osmond H & Smythies J: Schizophrenia: a new approach. II. Results of a year’s research. J Ment Science 100:29-45, 1954. (No known electronic link)

Clancy J, Hoffer A, Lucy J, Osmond H, Smythies J & Stefaniak B: Design and planning in psychiatric research as illustrated by the Weyburn Chronic Nucleotide Project. Bull Men Clinic, 18:147-153, 1954. (No known electronic link)

Altschul R, Hoffer A & Stephen JD: Influence of nicotinic acid on serum cholesterol in man. Arch Biochem Biophys 54:558-559, 1955. (No known electronic link)

Szatmari A, Hoffer A & Schneider R: The effect of adrenochrome and niacin on the electroencephalogram of epileptics. Am J Psychiat 3:603-616, 1955. (No known electronic link)

Agnew N & Hoffer A. Nicotinic acid modified lysergic acid diethylamide psychosis. J Ment Science 101:12-27, 1955. (Abstract available Here)

Hoffer A. Effect of niacin and nicotinamide on leukocytes and some urinary constituents. Can Med Assoc J 74:448-451, 1955. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A, Osmond H, Callbeck MJ & Kahan I: Treatment of schizophrenia with nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. J Clin Exper Psychopathol 18:131-158, 1957. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A & Callbeck MJ: The hypocholesterolemic effect of nicotinic acid and its relationship to the autonomic nervous system. J Ment Science 103:810-820, 1957. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. The relationship of nicotinic acid to thyroid function. Can Med Assoc J 77:965 only, 1957. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Adrenochrome and adrenolutin and their relationship to mental disease. Psychotropic Drugs. Eds. Garattini S & Ghetti V. Elsevier Press, London, 10-20, 1957. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Adrenochrome and blood plasma. Amer J Psychiatry 114:752-753, 1958. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Relation of epinephrine metabolites to schizophrenia. In: Chemical Concepts of Psychiatry. Eds: Rinkel M & Denber HGB. McDowell-Obolensky Inc., New York, 1958. (No known electronic link)

Altschul R & Hoffer A. Effects of salts of nicotinic acid on serum cholesterol. Brit Med J 2:713-714, 1958. (No known electronic link)

Altschul R & Hoffer A. The effect of nicotinic acid upon serum cholesterol and upon basal metabolic rate of young normal adults. Arch Biochem Biophysics 73:420- 424, 1958. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A & Osmond H. The adrenochrome model and schizophrenia. J Nerv Mental Dis 128:18-35, 1959. (No known electronic link)

Osmond H & Hoffer A. Schizophrenia: A new approach III. J Ment Science 105:653-673, 1959. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A & Callbeck MJ: Effect of nicotinic acid on liver function and leukocytes. Can Med Assoc J 80:736-737, 1959. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A, O’Reilly PO & Callbeck MJ: Specificity of the hypocholesterolemic activity of nicotinic acid. Dis Nerv Syst 20:286-288, 1959. (No known electronic link)

Osmond H & Hoffer A. On critics and research. Psychosomatic Med 21:311-320, 1959. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Treatment of arthritis by nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Can Med Assoc J 81:235-238, 1959. (No known electronic link)

O’Reilly PO, Callbeck MJ & Hoffer A. Sustained-release nicotinic acid (Nicospan). Effect on (1) cholesterol levels and (2) leukocytes. Can Med Assoc J 80:359-362, 1959. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A & Osmond H. The Chemical Basis of Clinical Psychiatry. C. C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1960. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A & Osmond H. Alcoholism and the researcher. AA Grapevine 1960. (No known electronic link)

Altschul R & Hoffer A. Letter to Editor Re: Nicotinic acid on hypercholesterolemia. Can Med Assoc J 83:36-37, 1960. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A & Osmond H. Concerning an etiological factor in alcoholism. The possible role of adrenochrome metabolism. Quart J Stud Alcohol 20:750-756, 1959. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. The adrenochrome hypothesis of schizophrenia. Paper read to Proc Sixth Ann Psychiatric Institute, Princeton, September 1958. Pub in Proceedings, 36-53. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Adrenaline metabolites and schizophrenia. Dis Nerv Syst 21, Monograph Supp, 79-86, 1960. (No known electronic link)

Altschul R & Hoffer A. The effect of nicotinic acid on hypercholesterolemia. Can Med Assoc J 82:783-785, 1960. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. The relationship of nicotinic acid to cholesterol metabolism. J Clin Exper Psychopath 22: 165-179, 1961. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A & Osmond H. The biochemistry of mental disease. Can Med Assoc J 85:1309-1311, 1961. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A & Osmond H. Double blind clinical trials. J Neuropath 2:221-227, 1961. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Ascorbic acid and schizophrenia. B.M.J. 1:1342 only, 1962. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. The effect of adrenochrome and adrenolutin on the behavior of animals and the psychology of man. Int Rev Neurobiology 4:307-371, 1962. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Niacin Therapy in Psychiatry. C. C. Thomas, Springfield, IL, 1962. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A & Osmond H. A card sorting test helpful in establishing prognosis. Am J Psychiatry 118:840-841,1962(No known electronic link)

Hoffer A & Osmond H. Some schizophrenic recoveries. Dis Nerv Syst 23:204-210, 1962 (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A & Osmond H. Letter to Editor Re: Double blind clinical trials. J Neuropsychiatry 2:262-263, 1962. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A & Osmond H. Letter to Editor: Adrenaline and schizophrenia. Lancet 1:643-644, 1962. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Letter to Editor Re: Malnutrition and mental disease. Brit Med Assoc J 1:1342 only, 1962. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A & Osmond H. Scurvy and schizophrenia. Dis Nerv Syst 24:273-285, 1963. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A & Osmond H. A comprehensive theory of schizophrenia. Mind 1:119-121, 1963. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. What’s new in psychiatric research. Introduction. Mind. Psychiatry in General Practice, 1:28 only, 1963. (No known electronic link)

Osmond H & Hoffer A. Massive niacin treatment in schizophrenia. Review of a nine-year study. Lancet 1:316-320, 1963. (No known electronic link)

Smith CM, Hoffer A, Dantow MD & McIntyre S: Nicotinic acid in old age. The placebo effect and other factors in the collection of valid data. J Amer Geriat Soc 11:580-585, 1963. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Nicotinic acid: an adjunct in the treatment of schizophrenia. Am J Psychiat 120:171-173, 1963. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. The adrenochrome theory of schizophrenia. a review. Dis Nerv Syst 25:173-178, 1964. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Single case design and double blind comparison studies for drug evaluation. Mind. Psychiatry in General Practice, 2:119-120, 1964. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A & Osmond H. Treatment of schizophrenia with nicotinic Acid – a ten year follow-up. Acta Psychiat Scand 40:171-189, 1964. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Treatment of organic psychosis with nicotinic acid (a single case). Dis Nerv Syst 26: 358-360, 1965. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Alcoholism Treatment and Research Center. The Can Forester, LXXXV, August 1965. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Malvaria, schizophrenia and the HOD test. Int J Neuropsychiatry 2:175-177, 1965. (No known electronic link)

Osmond H & Hoffer A. A comprehensive theory of schizophrenia. Int J Neuropsychiatry 2:302-309, 1965. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. The effect of nicotinic acid on the frequency and duration of re-hospitalization of schizophrenic patients; A controlled comparison study. Int J Neuropsychiatry 2:234-240, 1966. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A & Osmond H. How To Live With Schizophrenia. University Books, New York, NY, 1966. Also published by Johnson, London, 1966. Written by Fannie Kahan. New and Revised Ed. Citadel Press, New York, N.Y. 1992 (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Use of nicotinic acid and/or nicotinamide in high doses to treat schizophrenia. Can J Psychiatric Nursing 76:5-6, 1966. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Enzymology of Hallucinogens. In, Enzymes in Mental Health, J.B. Lippincott, 43-55, 1966. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A & Osmond H. New Hope For Alcoholics, University Books, New York, 1966. Written by Fannie Kahan. (No known electronic link) Excerpt

Hoffer A. Biochemistry of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Psychosomatics 8:95-100, 1967. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A & Osmond H. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide. J Psychopharm 1:79-95, 1967. (No known electronic link) (No known electronic link)

Kelm H, Hoffer A & Hall RW: Reliability of the Hoffer-Osmond Diagnostic test. J Clin Psychology 23:380-382, 1967. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. A theoretical examination of double-blind design. Can Med Assoc J 97:123-127, 1967. (No known electronic link)

Kelm H, Hoffer A & Osmond H. Hoffer-Osmond Diagnostic Manual. Saskatoon, 1967. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Treatment of schizophrenia with a therapeutic program based upon nicotinic acid as the main variable. Molecular Basis of Some Aspects of Mental Activity, Vol II. Ed. O Walaas, Academic Press, New York, 1967. (No known electronic link)

Kelm H, Callbeck MJ & Hoffer A. A short form of the Hoffer-Osmond Diagnostic test. Int J Neuropsychiatry 3:489-490, 1967. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide in the treatment of chronic schizophrenic patients. British J Psychiatry 114:915-917, 1968. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A & MacLean JR: A brief history of the American Schizophrenia Foundation. Schizophrenia 1:10-12, 1969. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Comparison of xanthine nicotinate and nicotinic acid as treatment for schizophrenia. Schizophrenia 1:24- 37, 1969. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Safety, side effects and relative lack of toxicity of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Schizophrenia 1:78-87, 1969. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Adverse effects of niacin in emergent psychosis. J Am Med Ass 207:1355 only, 1969. (Available here)

Hoffer A. Introduction to Mental Health Through Nutrition, by Judge Tom R. Blaine, The Citadel Press, New York, 1969. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Pellagra and schizophrenia. Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine, Buenos Aires, Jan. 12-18, 1970. Psychosomatic II, 522-525, 1970. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Living with schizophrenia: An Unusual Case of Schizophrenia in a Man of 56. Schizophrenia 2:80-86, 1970.

Hoffer A. Childhood schizophrenia. a case treated with nicotinic acid and nicotinamide. Schizophrenia 2:43-53,1970.

Hoffer A & Osmond H. Vitamin B-3 and Krebiozen – a polemic. Schizophrenia 2:161-165, 1970.

Hoffer A. Symposium on statistical aspects of protocol design. Discussion. Cancer Clinical Investigation Review Committee, San Juan, Puerto Rico, 224-229, Dec. 9-10, 1970. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. A vitamin B-3 dependent family. Schizophrenia 3:41-46, 1971.

Hoffer A. Megavitamins Can Psychiatric Ass J. 19:124-5, 1971 (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Letter to Editor. Ascorbic acid and schizophrenia. C.M.C. News 2, May 1971. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Letter to Editor. (Rebuttal of attack on Linus Pauling) Nutrition Today 6:34-35, 1971. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Vitamin B-3 dependent child. Schizophrenia 3:107-113, 1971.

Hoffer A. Ascorbic acid and toxicity. New England J of Med 285:635-636, 1971. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Vitamin C and the common cold. Can Med Assoc J 105:901-902, 1971. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Megavitamin B-3 therapy for schizophrenia. Can Psychiatric Ass J 16:499-504, 1971. (No known electronic link)

Masters AB, Hoffer A, Nair NPV, Messer CJ, Zarzadias R & Moraes C: Care of chronic psychotics. Brit Med Ass J 4:489 only, 1971. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Foreword to, Body Mind and the B Vitamins by R Adams & F Murray. Larchmont Books, New York, 1972. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. LSD-induced psychosis and vitamin B-3. Amer J Psychiatry 128:145 only, 1972(No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Orthomolecular treatment of schizophrenia. Orthomolecular Psychiatry 1:46-55, 1972.

Hoffer A. Treatment of hyperkinetic children with nicotinamide and pyridoxine. Can Med Assoc J 107:111-112, 1972. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Orthomolecular treatment for schizophrenia. J Practical Nursing 22:16-19 and 20-22, 1972. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. LSD-induced psychosis and vitamin B-3 Amer J of Psychiatry. 128; 1155 only, 1972 (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Senility is a form of chronic malnutrition. Report of a National Conference on The Crisis in Health Care For The Aging, sponsored by the Huxley Institute of Biosocial Research, New York, Mar. 6, 1972. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Clofibrate and nicotinic acid. Can Med Assoc J 107:488-489, 1972. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Orthomolecular treatment for schizophrenia. Medical Counterpart 4:10-20, 1973. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Mechanism of action of nicotinic acid and nicotinamide in the treatment of schizophrenia. In, Orthomolecular Psychiatry, Eds. David Hawkins and Linus Pauling. WH Freeman and Co., San Francisco, 1973. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Schizophrenia: An Evolutionary Advance. J Orthomolecular Psychiatry 2:39, 1973.

Hoffer A. Orthomolecular therapy. Psychiatric Opinion 10:6-10, 1973. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. An examination of the double-blind method as it has been applied to megavitamin therapy. Orthomolecular Psychiatry 2:107-114, 1973.

Hoffer A. Orthomolecular treatment of schizophrenia. Can J Psychiat Nursing 14:11-14, 1973. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Adverse effects of niacin in emergent psychosis. J.A.M.A. 207:1355 only, 1973. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Learning disability. Can Med Assoc J 109:574 only, 1973. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Vitamin C and infertility. The Lancet 2:1146 only, 1973. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. The great vitamin spree – pro and con. BC Med J 15:350 only, 1973. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Orthomolecular psychiatry. BC Med J 16:137-140, 1974. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Hallucinogens. Encyclopedia Britannica 15th Ed., 557-560, 1974. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Double blind studies. Can Med Assoc J 111:752 only, 1974. (No known electronic link)

Hoffer A. Treatment of choice. Saint Johns Edmonton Report, Volume 1, 1974. (No known electronic link)